![]() ![]() More than most scholars of his era, Kuhn taught historians and philosophers to view science as practice rather than syllogism. Kuhn used the duck-rabbit optical illusion to demonstrate the way in which a paradigm shift could cause one to see the same information in an entirely different. As Kuhn appreciated from his own physics training, scientists learned by immersive apprenticeship they had to hone what Hungarian chemist and philosopher of science Michael Polanyi had called “tacit knowledge” by working through large collections of exemplars rather than by memorizing explicit rules or theorems. ![]() The second meaning, which Kuhn argued was both more original and more important, referred to exemplars or model problems, the worked examples on which students and young scientists cut their teeth. One sense referred to a scientific community's reigning theories and methods. Even Kuhn himself came to realize that he had saddled the word with too much baggage: in later essays, he separated his intended meanings into two clusters. Kuhn calls these sudden charges as paradigm shifts. British philosopher Margaret Masterman famously isolated 21 distinct ways in which Kuhn used the slippery term throughout his slim volume. A description of Thomas Kuhns concept of the paradigm shift, as described in his 1962 book 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'. Hence, Kuhn's books entitled the structure of scientific revolution. In other words, science is based on the assumption that one’s scientific community knows exactly what the world is like and scientists take great pains to defend that assumption, in a very insular way. ![]() At the heart of Kuhn's account stood the tricky notion of the paradigm. Thomas Kuhn described a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline as a paradigm shift. Paradigm shifts, according to Kuhn, occur within a scientific community when a fundamental shift in the way normal science proceeds. ![]()
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